Contact Professor Hyo-sang Shin
- Tel: +44 (0) 1234 758577
- Email: h.shin@cranfield.ac.uk
- ORCID
Areas of expertise
- Aeronautical Systems
- Aircraft Design
- Autonomous Systems
- Computing, Simulation & Modelling
- Flight Physics
- Instrumentation, Sensors and Measurement Science
- Space Systems
- Systems Engineering
- Through-life Engineering Services
- Vehicle Health Management
- Weapons Engineering
Background
Professor Hyo-Sang Shin, received an MSc on flight dynamics, guidance and control in Aerospace Engineering from KAIST and gained a PhD on cooperative missile guidance from Cranfield University. He is a Lecturer on Guidance, Control and Navigation Systems in Autonomous and Intelligent Systems Group at Cranfield University since 2010. He participated in the 3rd Korea Robot Aircraft Competition with Team Highest winning the Silver (2004) and Most Popular Team award (2004).
Current activities
Professor Hyo-Sang Shin is extensively involved in teaching and research. He has published book chapter and journal and conference papers. He has been invited to lecture at other universities, research institutes and to industry. His current research interests include cooperative guidance and control for multiple vehicles, coordinated heath monitoring and management, and information-driven sensing.
Clients
- Leonardo S.p.A. (Agusta Westland)
- Airbus SE
- MBDA UK Ltd
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
- Lockheed Martin Corporation
- European Space Agency
- Thales SA
- BAE Systems PLC
- Hexagon AB
Publications
Articles In Journals
- Kim Y, Kim S, Suk J & Shin H-S. (2025). Robust Controller Design for UAM Using Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion With Double-Loop Structure. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 61(1)
- Jin T, Shin H-S, Tsourdos A & He S. (2025). Integrated Target Assignment and Trajectory Optimization for Many-to-Many Midcourse Guidance. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 61(1)
- Kim S, Petrunin I & Shin H-S. (2025). A review of Bayes filters with machine learning techniques and their applications. Information Fusion, 114
- Autenrieb J & Shin H. (2025). Complementary Filter‐Based Incremental Nonlinear Model Following Control Design for a Tilt‐Wing UAV. International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 35(4)
- Chai R, Liu T, He S, Chen K, Xia Y, .... (2025). Adaptive dual-loop disturbance observer-based robust model predictive tracking control for autonomous hypersonic vehicles. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, PP(99)
- Han T, Zhang S, Hu Q, Shin H-S & Wang Q. (2025). Field-of-View Reduced Impact Angle Guidance Law via Range Shaping Approach. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, PP(99)
- He S, Luo H, Lee C-H, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2025). Review of data-driven computational guidance for unmanned aerospace vehicles. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 157
- Chai J, He S, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2024). Domain-knowledge-aided airborne ground moving targets tracking. Aerospace Science and Technology, 144
- Kim S, Petrunin I & Shin H-S. (2024). AFJPDA: a multiclass multi-object tracking with appearance feature-aided joint probabilistic data association. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 21(4)
- Cho N, Shin H-S, Tsourdos A & Amato D. (2024). Online corrections to neural policy guidance for pinpoint powered descent. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 47(5)
- Chai R, Guo Y, Zuo Z, Chen K, Shin H-S, .... (2024). Cooperative motion planning and control for aerial-ground autonomous systems: Methods and applications. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 146
- Lee S, Yuan Z, Petrunin I & Shin H. (2024). Impact analysis of time synchronization error in airborne target tracking using a heterogeneous sensor network. Drones, 8(5)
- Han T, Hu Q, Wang Q, Xin M & Shin H-S. (2024). Constrained 3-D Trajectory Planning for Aerial Vehicles Without Range Measurement. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 54(10)
- Nam Y, Lee K, Shin H-S & Kwon C. (2024). Fault tolerant motion planning for a quadrotor subject to complete rotor failure. Aerospace Science and Technology, 154
- Lee H-I, Ignatyev D, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2024). Project-based learning course design for multi-agent autonomy using quadrotors. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 58(16)
- Cui B, Chen X, Chai R, Xia Y & Shin H-S. (2024). Trajectory Planning of Spacecraft Swarm Reconfiguration Using Reachable Set-Based Collision Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 60(5)
- Lee S & Shin H-S. (2024). Destination and time-series inference of moving objects via conditionally Markov process. CEAS Aeronautical Journal, 15(4)
- Skaltsis GM, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2023). A review of task allocation methods for UAVs. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 109(4)
- Liu R, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2023). Edge-enhanced attentions for drone delivery in presence of winds and recharging stations. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 20(4)
- Ignatyev DI, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2023). Sparse online Gaussian process adaptation for incremental backstepping flight control. Aerospace Science and Technology, 136(May)
- Kim T, Jeaong H, Kim S, Kim I, Kim S, .... (2023). Design and flight testing of the ducted-fan UAV flight array system. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 107(3)
- Bae S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2023). Structured urban airspace capacity analysis: four drone delivery cases. Applied Sciences, 13(6)
- Bertrand S & Shin H. (2023). Special issue on unmanned aerial vehicles. Applied Sciences, 13(7)
- Öreg Z, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2023). Analysis of the traffic conflict situation for speed probability distributions. The Aeronautical Journal, 127(1314)
- Yang X, Yin H, He S, Xie Y & Shin H. (2023). Trajectory optimization for multi-sensor multi-target search and tracking with bearing-only measurements. Aerospace, 10(7)
- Kim T, Kim S & Shin H. (2023). Data-driven diagnosis of multicopter thrust fault using supervised learning with inertial sensors. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 20(11)
- Hou L, Luo H, Shi H, Shin H-S & He S. (2023). An Optimal Geometrical Guidance Law for Impact Time and Angle Control. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 59(6)
- Chai J, He S, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2023). Dynamic knowledge-based tracking and autonomous anomaly detection. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 60(2)
- Lee S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2023). Intent-informed state estimation for tracking guided targets. Aerospace Science and Technology, 143
- Han T, Shin H-S, Hu Q, Tsourdos A & Xin M. (2022). Differentiator-Based Incremental Three-Dimensional Terminal Angle Guidance With Enhanced Robustness. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(5)
- Choi J, Seo M, Shin H-S & Oh H. (2022). Adversarial Swarm Defence Using Multiple Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(6)
- Öreg Z, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2022). Traffic conflict reduction based on distributed stochastic task allocation. The Aeronautical Journal, 126(1300)
- Lappas V, Zoumponos G, Kostopoulos V, Lee H-I, Shin H, .... (2022). EuroDRONE, A European unmanned traffic management testbed for U-space. Drones, 6(2)
- Cho N, Park J, Kim Y & Shin H. (2022). Unified control parameterization approach for finite-horizon feedback control with trajectory shaping. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(5)
- Lappas V, Shin H, Tsourdos A, Lindgren D, Bertrand S, .... (2022). Autonomous unmanned heterogeneous vehicles for persistent monitoring. Drones, 6(4)
- Li K-B, Bai Z, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Tahk M-J. (2022). Capturability of 3D RTPN guidance law against true-arbitrarily maneuvering target with maneuverability limitation. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 35(7)
- Shin H, Li T, Lee H-I & Tsourdos A. (2022). Sample greedy based task allocation for multiple robot systems. Swarm Intelligence, 16(3)
- Cho N, Lee S, Shin H & Kim T-H. (2022). Three-dimensional biased proportional navigation guidance based on spatial rotation of predicted final velocity. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 59(2)
- Öreg Z, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2022). On the underlying dynamics of traffic conflicts related to stochastic behaviour. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 237(5)
- Song Y, Lee H, Kwon C, Shin H & Oh H. (2022). Distributed estimation of stochastic multiagent systems for cooperative control with a virtual network. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 53(4)
- Lee H-I, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2022). A probabilistic–geometric approach for UAV detection and avoidance systems. Sensors, 22(23)
- Zheng X, Guan H, Lin D, He S & Shin H. (2022). Game-theoretic flexible-final-time differential dynamic programming using Gaussian quadrature. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 46(4)
- Yang X, He S, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2022). Trajectory Optimization for Target Localization and Sensor Bias Calibration with Bearing-Only Information. Guidance, Navigation and Control, 02(03)
- Wang Y, Wang J, He S, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2021). Optimal Guidance With Active Observability Enhancement for Scale Factor Error Estimation of Strapdown Seeker. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 57(6)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2021). Information-theoretic joint probabilistic data association filter. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 66(3)
- Zhang T, Zhang L & Shin H-S. (2021). A Novel and Robust Calibration Method for the Underwater Transponder Position. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70
- Zhang L, Zhang T & Shin H. (2021). An efficient constrained weighted least squares method with bias reduction for TDOA-based localization. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21(8)
- Seo M-G, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2021). Soil moisture retrieval model design with multispectral and infrared images from unmanned aerial vehicles using convolutional neural network. Agronomy, 11(2)
- Li T, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2021). A sample decreasing threshold greedy‑based algorithm for big data summarisation. Journal of Big Data, 8(1)
- Shin H & Li K-B. (2021). An improvement in three-dimensional pure proportional navigation guidance. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 57(5)
- Han T, Hu Q, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Xin M. (2021). Incremental twisting fault tolerant control for hypersonic vehicles with partial model knowledge. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(2)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2021). Computational missile guidance: a deep reinforcement learning approach. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 18(8)
- Han T, Hu Q, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Xin M. (2021). Sensor-based robust incremental three-dimensional guidance law with terminal angle constraint. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 44(11)
- Lee S, Cho N & Shin H. (2021). Analysis of guidance laws with non-monotonic line-of-sight rate convergence. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(2)
- Song Y, Gu M, Choi J, Oh H, Lim S, .... (2021). Using lazy agents to improve the flocking efficiency of multiple UAVs. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 103(3)
- Liu Z, Wang J, He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2021). Learning prediction-correction guidance for impact time control. Aerospace Science and Technology, 119(December)
- HE S, LEE C-H, SHIN H-S & TSOURDOS A. (2021). Optimal three-dimensional impact time guidance with seeker’s field-of-view constraint. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 34(2)
- Hu C, Qu G, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2021). Distributed synchronous cooperative tracking algorithm for ground moving target in urban by UAVs. International Journal of Systems Science, 52(4)
- Hu C, Meng Z, Qu G, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2021). Distributed Cooperative Path Planning for Tracking Ground Moving Target by Multiple Fixed-wing UAVs via DMPC-GVD in Urban Environment. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 19(2)
- Li H, He S, Wang J, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2021). Near-Optimal Midcourse Guidance for Velocity Maximization with Constrained Arrival Angle. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 44(1)
- Jeon B-J, Seo M-G, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2020). Understandings of incremental backstepping controller considering measurement delay with model uncertainty. Aerospace Science and Technology, 109
- Li K-B, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2020). Capturability of a Sliding-Mode Guidance Law With Finite-Time Convergence. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56(3)
- Zhu Y, Zhang T, Xu S, Shin H, Li P, .... (2020). A calibration method of USBL installation error based on attitude determination. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(8)
- Zhang L, Zhang T, Shin H-S & Xu X. (2020). Efficient underwater acoustical localization method based on time difference and bearing measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70
- Zhang J, Zhang T, Shin H, Wang J & Zhang C. (2020). Geomagnetic gradient-assisted evolutionary algorithm for long-range underwater navigation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70
- Li K-B, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Tahk M-J. (2020). Performance of 3D PPN against arbitrarily maneuvering target for homing phase. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56(5)
- Shin H, He S & Tsourdos A. (2020). Sample greedy gossip distributed Kalman filter. Information Fusion, 64
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2020). Distributed multiple model joint probabilistic data association with Gibbs sampling-aided implementation. Information Fusion, 64
- Bae S, Shin H-S, Savvaris A, Vaios L & Tsourdos A. (2020). Multi-objective suborbit/orbit trajectory optimisation for spaceplanes. Acta Astronautica, 170
- Ignatyev DI, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2020). Two-layer adaptive augmentation for incremental backstepping flight control of transport aircraft in uncertain conditions. Aerospace Science and Technology, 105
- Jeon B-J, Seo M-G, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Understandings of classical and incremental backstepping controllers with model uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56(4)
- Li K-B, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Tahk M-J. (2019). Capturability of 3D PPN against lower-speed maneuvring target for homing phase. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56(1)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Distributed joint probabilistic data association filter with hybrid fusion strategy. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 69(1)
- Lee H-I, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Concurrent learning adaptive control with directional forgetting. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 64(12)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Trajectory optimization for target localisation with bearing-only measurement. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 35(3)
- He S, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Lee C-H. (2019). Energy-optimal waypoint-following guidance considering autopilot dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56(4)
- Ra WS, Shin HS, Jung BY & Whang IH. (2019). A study on passive homing trajectory for maximizing target information. Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, 68(1)
- Hu C, Zhang Z, Yang N, Shin H-S & Tsourdos A. (2019). Fuzzy multiobjective cooperative surveillance of multiple UAVs based on distributed predictive control for unknown ground moving target in urban environment. Aerospace Science and Technology, 84
- He S, Shin H, Xu S & Tsourdos A. (2019). Distributed estimation over a low-cost sensor network: a review of state-of-the-art. Information Fusion, 54
- He S, Lee C, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Minimum-effort waypoint-following guidance. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 42(7)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2019). Trajectory optimization for multitarget tracking using joint probabilistic data association filte. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 43(1)
- Cho N, Kim Y & Shin H. (2019). Generalized formulation of linear nonquadratic weighted optimal error shaping guidance laws. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 43(6)
- Shin H, Antoniadis AF & Tsourdos A. (2018). Parametric study on formation flying effectiveness for a blended-wing UAV. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 93(1-2)
- Jang I, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2018). Local information-based control for probabilistic swarm distribution guidance. Swarm Intelligence, 12(4)
- Ignatyev DI, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2018). Bayesian calibration for multiple source regression model. Neurocomputing, 318
- Jang I, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2018). Anonymous hedonic game for task allocation in a large-scale multiple agent system. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 34(6)
- Shin H, Turchi D, He S & Tsourdos A. (2018). Behavior monitoring using learning techniques and regular-expressions-based pattern matching. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(4)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2018). Multi-sensor multi-target tracking using domain knowledge and clustering. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(19)
- Jang I, Shin H-S, Tsourdos A, Jeong J, Kim S, .... (2018). An integrated decision-making framework of a heterogeneous aerial robotic swarm for cooperative tasks with minimum requirements. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 233(6)
- Leboucher C, Shin H, Chelouah R, Le Ménec S, Siarry P, .... (2018). An enhanced particle swarm optimization method integrated with evolutionary game theory. IEEE Transactions on Games, 10(2)
- Su W, Shin H, Chen L & Tsourdos A. (2018). Cooperative interception strategy for multiple inferior missiles against one highly maneuvering target. Aerospace Science and Technology, 80
- Singh D, Antoniadis AF, Tsoutsanis P, Shin H, Tsourdos A, .... (2018). A multi-fidelity approach for aerodynamic performance computations of formation flight. Aerospace, 5(2)
- Lee C-H, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Skaf Z. (2018). New application of data analysis using aircraft fault record data. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems, 15(5)
- Oh H, Shin H, Kim S & Chen W-H. (2018). Communication-aware trajectory planning for unmanned aerial vehicles in urban environments. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 41(10)
- Shin H, Li K-B & Tsourdos A. (2017). A new three-dimensional sliding mode guidance law variation with finite time convergence. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 53(5)
- Cho N, Shin H, Kim Y & Tsourdos A. (2017). Composite model reference adaptive control with parameter convergence under finite excitation. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 63(3)
- He S, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2017). Track-oriented multiple hypothesis tracking based on Tabu search and Gibbs sampling. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(1)
- Tang B, Zhu Z, Shin H, Tsourdos A & Luo J. (2017). A framework for multi-objective optimisation based on a new self-adaptive particle swarm optimisation algorithm. Information Sciences, 420
- Lee C-H, Shin H, Lee J-I & Tahk M-J. (2017). Zero-effort-miss shaping guidance laws. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 54(2)
- Ra W-S, Whang I-H, Shin H & Tsourdos A. (2017). Efficient aimpoint tracking using target range profiles of a wideband FMCW seeker. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 15(4)
- Shin H, Garcia AJ & Alvarez S. (2017). Information-driven persistent sensing of a non-cooperative mobile target using UAVs. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 92(3-4)
- Lee H-I, Yoo D-W, Lee B-Y, Moon G-H, Lee D-Y, .... (2017). Parameter-robust linear quadratic Gaussian technique for multi-agent slung load transportation. Aerospace Science and Technology, 71
- Yogaswara YH, Hong S-M, Tahk M-J & Shin H. (2017). Impact angle control guidance synthesis for evasive maneuver against intercept missile. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 18(4)
- Leboucher C, Shin H-S, Siarry P, Le Ménec S, Chelouah R, .... (2016). Convergence proof of an enhanced Particle Swarm Optimisation method integrated with Evolutionary Game Theory. Information Sciences, 346-347
- Hyondong Oh , Seungkeun Kim , Hyo-sang Shin & Tsourdos A. (2015). Coordinated standoff tracking of moving target groups using multiple UAVs. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 51(2)
- Shin H-S, Lee J-I & Tahk M-J. (2015). A new homing guidance law to reduce sensitivity on initial heading errors. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 229(9)
- Oh H, Kim S, Shin H-S, Tsourdos A & White BA. (2014). Behaviour recognition of ground vehicle using airborne monitoring of unmanned aerial vehicles. International Journal of Systems Science, 45(12)
- Segui-Gasco P, Al-Rihani Y, Shin H-S & Savvaris A. (2014). A Novel Actuation Concept for a Multi Rotor UAV. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 74(1-2)
- Le Ménec S, Shin H-S, Markham K, Tsourdos A & Piet-Lahanier H. (2014). Cooperative allocation and guidance for air defence application. Control Engineering Practice, 32
- Oh H, Shin H, Kim S, Tsourdos A & White BA. (2013). Airborne behaviour monitoring using Gaussian processes with map information. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 7(4)
- Oh H, Kim S, Shin H-S, White BA, Tsourdos A, .... (2013). Rendezvous and Standoff Target Tracking Guidance Using Differential Geometry. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 69(1-4)
- Shin H-S, Thak M-J & Kim H-J. (2011). Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Multiple UAVs Formation Using Passive Sensing. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 12(1)
- Shin H-S, Tahk M-J, Tsourdos A & White BA. (2010). Earliest Intercept Geometry Guidance to Improve Mid-Course Guidance in Area Air-Defence. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 11(2)
- Ryoo C-K, Shin H-S & Tahk M-J. (2010). Energy Optimal Waypoint Guidance Synthesis for Antiship Missiles. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 46(1)
- Shin H-S, Kim T-H, Tahk M-J & Hwang T-W. (2009). Nonlinear Formation Guidance Law with Robust Disturbance Observer. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 10(1)
- Yoon H-J, Shin H-S & Tahk M-J. (2008). Adaptive Tracking Control for Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking. Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, 36(11)
- Min B-M, Shin H-S, Tahk M-J, Kim B-M & Kim B-S. (2006). Auto-Landing Guidance System Design for Smart UAV. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 7(1)
- Shin H-S, Lee J-I & Tahk M-J. (2006). Guidance Synthesis to Control Impact Angle and Time. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 7(1)
- Ryoo C-K, Shin H-S & Tahk M-J. (2005). Optimal Waypoint Guidance for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Journal of Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, 11(3)